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aeneas

aeneas is a Python/C library and a set of tools to automagically synchronize audio and text (aka forced alignment).

Goal

aeneas automatically generates a synchronization map
between a list of text fragments
and an audio file containing the narration of the text.
In computer science this task is known as
(automatically computing a) forced alignment.

For example, given
this text file(link is external)
and
this audio file(link is external),
aeneas determines, for each fragment, the corresponding time interval in the audio file:


1                                                     => [00:00:00.000, 00:00:02.640]
From fairest creatures we desire increase,            => [00:00:02.640, 00:00:05.880]
That thereby beauty's rose might never die,           => [00:00:05.880, 00:00:09.240]
But as the riper should by time decease,              => [00:00:09.240, 00:00:11.920]
His tender heir might bear his memory:                => [00:00:11.920, 00:00:15.280]
But thou contracted to thine own bright eyes,         => [00:00:15.280, 00:00:18.800]
Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel, => [00:00:18.800, 00:00:22.760]
Making a famine where abundance lies,                 => [00:00:22.760, 00:00:25.680]
Thy self thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel:        => [00:00:25.680, 00:00:31.240]
Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament,         => [00:00:31.240, 00:00:34.400]
And only herald to the gaudy spring,                  => [00:00:34.400, 00:00:36.920]
Within thine own bud buriest thy content,             => [00:00:36.920, 00:00:40.640]
And tender churl mak'st waste in niggarding:          => [00:00:40.640, 00:00:43.640]
Pity the world, or else this glutton be,              => [00:00:43.640, 00:00:48.080]
To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.        => [00:00:48.080, 00:00:53.240]

Waveform with aligned labels, detail

This synchronization map can be output to file
in several formats, depending on its application:

  • research: Audacity (AUD), ELAN (EAF), TextGrid;
  • digital publishing: SMIL for EPUB 3;
  • closed captioning: SubRip (SRT), SubViewer (SBV/SUB), TTML, WebVTT (VTT);
  • Web: JSON;
  • further processing: CSV, SSV, TSV, TXT, XML.

System Requirements, Supported Platforms and Installation

System Requirements

  1. a reasonably recent machine (recommended 4 GB RAM, 2 GHz 64bit CPU)
  2. Python(link is external) 2.7 (Linux, OS X, Windows) or 3.5 or later (Linux, OS X)
  3. FFmpeg(link is external)
  4. eSpeak(link is external)
  5. Python packages BeautifulSoup4, lxml, and numpy
  6. Python headers to compile the Python C/C++ extensions (optional but strongly recommended)
  7. A shell supporting UTF-8 (optional but strongly recommended)

Supported Platforms

aeneas has been developed and tested on Debian 64bit,
with Python 2.7 and Python 3.5,
which are the only supported platforms at the moment.
Nevertheless, aeneas has been confirmed to work on
other Linux distributions, Mac OS X, and Windows.
See the
PLATFORMS file(link is external)
for details.

If installing aeneas natively on your OS proves difficult,
you are strongly encouraged to use
aeneas-vagrant(link is external),
which provides aeneas inside a virtualized Debian image
running under
VirtualBox(link is external)
and
Vagrant(link is external),
which can be installed on any modern OS (Linux, Mac OS X, Windows).

Installation

All-in-one installers are available for Mac OS X and Windows,
and a Bash script for deb-based Linux distributions (Debian, Ubuntu)
is provided in this repository.
It is also possible to download a VirtualBox+Vagrant virtual machine.
Please see the
INSTALL file(link is external)
for detailed, step-by-step installation procedures for different operating systems.

The generic OS-independent procedure is simple:

  1. Install
    Python(link is external) (2.7.x preferred),
    FFmpeg(link is external), and
    eSpeak(link is external)

  2. Make sure the following executables can be called from your shell:
    espeak, ffmpeg, ffprobe, pip, and python

  3. First install numpy with pip and then aeneas (this order is important):


    pip install numpy
pip install aeneas

  4. To check whether you installed aeneas correctly, run:

     python -m aeneas.diagnostics

Usage

  1. Run without arguments to get the usage message:


    python -m aeneas.tools.execute_task
python -m aeneas.tools.execute_job

    You can also get a list of live examples
    that you can immediately run on your machine
    thanks to the included files:


    python -m aeneas.tools.execute_task --examples
python -m aeneas.tools.execute_task --examples-all

  2. To compute a synchronization map map.json for a pair
    (audio.mp3, text.txt in
    plain(link is external)
    text format), you can run:


    python -m aeneas.tools.execute_task \
    audio.mp3 \
    text.txt \
    "task_language=eng|os_task_file_format=json|is_text_type=plain" \
    map.json

    (The command has been split into lines with \ for visual clarity;
    in production you can have the entire command on a single line
    and/or you can use shell variables.)

    To compute a synchronization map map.smil for a pair
    (audio.mp3,
    page.xhtml(link is external)
    containing fragments marked by id attributes like f001),
    you can run:


    python -m aeneas.tools.execute_task \
    audio.mp3 \
    page.xhtml \
    "task_language=eng|os_task_file_format=smil|os_task_file_smil_audio_ref=audio.mp3|os_task_file_smil_page_ref=page.xhtml|is_text_type=unparsed|is_text_unparsed_id_regex=f[0-9]+|is_text_unparsed_id_sort=numeric" \
    map.smil

    As you can see, the third argument (the configuration string)
    specifies the parameters controlling the I/O formats
    and the processing options for the task.
    Consult the
    documentation(link is external)
    for details.

  3. If you have several tasks to process,
    you can create a job container
    to batch process them:

    python -m aeneas.tools.execute_job job.zip output_directory

    File job.zip should contain a config.txt or config.xml
    configuration file, providing aeneas
    with all the information needed to parse the input assets
    and format the output sync map files.
    Consult the
    documentation(link is external)
    for details.

The
documentation(link is external)
contains a highly suggested
tutorial(link is external)
which explains how to use the built-in command line tools.

Documentation and Support

Supported Features

  • Input text files in parsed, plain, subtitles, or unparsed (XML) format
  • Multilevel input text files in mplain and munparsed (XML) format
  • Text extraction from XML (e.g., XHTML) files using id and class attributes
  • Arbitrary text fragment granularity (single word, subphrase, phrase, paragraph, etc.)
  • Input audio file formats: all those readable by ffmpeg
  • Output sync map formats: AUD, CSV, EAF, JSON, SMIL, SRT, SSV, SUB, TEXTGRID, TSV, TTML, TXT, VTT, XML
  • Confirmed working on 38 languages: AFR, ARA, BUL, CAT, CYM, CES, DAN, DEU, ELL, ENG, EPO, EST, FAS, FIN, FRA, GLE, GRC, HRV, HUN, ISL, ITA, JPN, LAT, LAV, LIT, NLD, NOR, RON, RUS, POL, POR, SLK, SPA, SRP, SWA, SWE, TUR, UKR
  • MFCC and DTW computed via Python C extensions to reduce the processing time
  • Several built-in TTS engine wrappers: AWS Polly TTS API, eSpeak (default), eSpeak-ng, Festival, MacOS (via say), Nuance TTS API
  • Default TTS (eSpeak) called via a Python C extension for fast audio synthesis
  • Possibility of running a custom, user-provided TTS engine Python wrapper (e.g., included example for speect)
  • Batch processing of multiple audio/text pairs
  • Download audio from a YouTube video
  • In multilevel mode, recursive alignment from paragraph to sentence to word level
  • In multilevel mode, MFCC resolution, MFCC masking, DTW margin, and TTS engine can be specified for each level independently
  • Robust against misspelled/mispronounced words, local rearrangements of words, background noise/sporadic spikes
  • Adjustable splitting times, including a max character/second constraint for CC applications
  • Automated detection of audio head/tail
  • Output an HTML file for fine tuning the sync map manually (finetuneas project)
  • Execution parameters tunable at runtime
  • Code suitable for Web app deployment (e.g., on-demand cloud computing instances)
  • Extensive test suite including 1,200+ unit/integration/performance tests, that run and must pass before each release

Limitations and Missing Features

  • Audio should match the text: large portions of spurious text or audio might produce a wrong sync map
  • Audio is assumed to be spoken: not suitable for song captioning, YMMV for CC applications
  • No protection against memory swapping: be sure your amount of RAM is adequate for the maximum duration of a single audio file (e.g., 4 GB RAM => max 2h audio; 16 GB RAM => max 10h audio)
  • Open issues(link is external)

A Note on Word-Level Alignment

A significant number of users runs aeneas to align audio and text
at word-level (i.e., each fragment is a word).
Although aeneas was not designed with word-level alignment in mind
and the results might be inferior to
ASR-based forced aligners(link is external)
for languages with good ASR models,
aeneas offers some options to improve
the quality of the alignment at word-level:

  • multilevel text (since v1.5.1),
  • MFCC nonspeech masking (since v1.7.0, disabled by default),
  • use better TTS engines, like Festival or AWS/Nuance TTS API (since v1.5.0).

If you use the aeneas.tools.execute_task command line tool,
you can add --presets-word switch to enable MFCC nonspeech masking, for example:


$ python -m aeneas.tools.execute_task --example-words --presets-word
$ python -m aeneas.tools.execute_task --example-words-multilevel --presets-word

If you use aeneas as a library, just set the appropriate
RuntimeConfiguration parameters.
Please see the
command line tutorial(link is external)
for details.

License

aeneas is released under the terms of the
GNU Affero General Public License Version 3.
See the
LICENSE file(link is external) for details.

Licenses for third party code and files included in aeneas
can be found in the
licenses(link is external) directory.

No copy rights were harmed in the making of this project.

Supporting and Contributing

Sponsors

Supporting

Would you like supporting the development of aeneas?

I accept sponsorships to

  • fix bugs,
  • add new features,
  • improve the quality and the performance of the code,
  • port the code to other languages/platforms, and
  • improve the documentation.

Feel free to
get in touch(link sends e-mail).

Contributing

If you think you found a bug
or you have a feature request,
please use the
GitHub issue tracker(link is external)
to submit it.

If you want to ask a question
about using aeneas,
your best option consists in sending an email to the
mailing list(link is external).

Finally, code contributions are welcome!
Please refer to the
Code Contribution Guide(link is external)
for details about the branch policies and the code style to follow.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to Nicola Montecchio,
who suggested using MFCCs and DTW,
and co-developed the first experimental code
for aligning audio and text.

Paolo Bertasi, who developed the
APIs and Web application for ReadBeyond Sync,
helped shaping the structure of this package
for its asynchronous usage.

Chris Hubbard prepared the files for
packaging aeneas as a Debian/Ubuntu .deb.

Daniel Bair prepared the brew formula
for installing aeneas and its dependencies on Mac OS X.

Daniel Bair, Chris Hubbard, and Richard Margetts
packaged the installers for Mac OS X and Windows.

Firat Ozdemir contributed the finetuneas
HTML/JS code for fine tuning sync maps in the browser.

Willem van der Walt contributed the code snippet
to output a sync map in TextGrid format.

Chris Vaughn contributed the MacOS TTS wrapper.

All the mighty
GitHub contributors(link is external),
and the members of the
Google Group(link is external).

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